# USDS (USDS) Quantum Readiness Report

> USDS has a QRI score of 4.89/100 and is assessed at Stage 0 (Unassessed / No Evidence) with high evidence confidence.

Evaluation date: 2026-06-06. Review status: draft. Evaluated scope: USDS stablecoin token across all deployed chains, including governance/admin keys and SkyLink/LayerZero bridge infrastructure.

USDS is the flagship stablecoin of Sky Protocol (formerly MakerDAO), deployed as an ERC-20 token on Ethereum with cross-chain bridges to Solana, Base, and Avalanche via SkyLink (LayerZero V2). The project has conducted zero quantum-related work: no cryptographic inventory, no quantum risk assessment, no PQ migration roadmap, and no production or testnet PQ cryptography. All spend authorization relies on Ethereum L1's ECDSA (secp256k1), all governance actions use classical Ethereum signatures via Sky DAO, and the SkyLink/LayerZero bridge infrastructure is entirely classical. ChainSecurity and Cantina audits exist but are classical-only with no quantum scope. The project inherits Ethereum L1's quantum vulnerability for base transactions, while adding independent quantum-vulnerable attack surfaces through its upgradeable proxy governance and multi-chain bridge dependencies. The QRI Score of 4.89 reflects Stage 0 (Unassessed / No Evidence): the project has not acknowledged quantum risk, published any cryptographic inventory, or taken any steps toward quantum readiness. Ethereum L1's structured post-quantum program (targeting ~2029) is a future dependency, not current protection, and does not address USDS-specific governance, admin keys, or bridge infrastructure.

## Core resources

- [USDS QRI report](https://qrindex.org/projects/usds/): Human-readable assessment with score, stage, evidence, blockers, risks, and assurance notes.
- [USDS structured report data](https://qrindex.org/projects/usds/report.json): Complete report as JSON for deterministic machine processing.
- [QRI methodology](https://qrindex.org/methodology/): Scoring model, evidence handling, readiness stages, confidence, assurance, and report status.
- [All QRI project reports](https://qrindex.org/llms.txt): Score-ranked index of every published project assessment.
- [USDS official website](https://sky.money/): Project-maintained website.



## Evidence sources

- [Evidence source 1](<https://developers.sky.money/security/security-measures/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 2](<https://developers.sky.money/security/security-mechanisms/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 3](<https://github.com/sky-ecosystem>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 4](<https://sky.money/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 5](<https://developers.sky.money/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 6](<https://etherscan.io/token/0xdc035d45d973e3ec169d2276ddab16f1e407384f>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 7](<https://developers.sky.money/protocol/tokens/usds/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 8](<https://ethereum.org/roadmap/future-proofing/quantum-resistance/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 9](<https://pq.ethereum.org/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 10](<https://etherscan.io/address/0xdC035D45d973E3EC169d2276DDab16f1e407384F>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 11](<https://vote.sky.money/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 12](<https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/usds>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 13](<https://developers.sky.money/guides/skylink/usds-ethereum-solana-bridge/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 14](<https://chainsecurity.com/security-audit/usds-smart-contracts/>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 15](<https://cantina.xyz/portfolio/5afcb016-c1e8-4e42-8245-87857f8e1e1a>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 16](<https://reports.chainsecurity.com/Sky/ChainSecurity_Sky_SkyOAppOFT_Audit.pdf>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 17](<https://etherscan.io/token/0xdc035d45d973e3ec169d2276ddab16f1e407384f#code>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.
- [Evidence source 18](<https://github.com/sky-ecosystem/stusds>): Public source cited by the USDS QRI assessment.